Synthetic triterpenoid bardoxolone methyl and its analogs are potent activators of the Nrf2 pathway, and clinical trials that included individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 3b or 4 CKD demonstrated that it reduced serum creatinine concentrations for up to 52 weeks (de Zeeuw et al., 2013b). This evidence concerns the gene NFE2L2 and chronic kidney disease.