It has been shown that targeting CD44 on mesenchymal stromal cells results in a reduction in OPN-mediated tumour growth, whilst blocking antibodies to αvβ3-integrin and targeting of 4T1 cell-surface integrins in murine mammary epithelial cancer cells are both associated with an attenuation of ILK, MMP-2 and uroplasminogen activator expression114. This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and neoplasm.