Mechanisms by which the integration of HBV DNA could contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis include host DNA alterations at several cancer-relevant genes including cyclin A, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), platelet-derived-growth-factor receptor-beta (PDGFRB), mitogen activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) and others [22,23]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK1 and cancer.