PGD and hepatocellular carcinoma: Recent studies observed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes including GSTM1 (Glutathione S-Transferase Mu1), GSTT1 (Glutathione S-Transferase Theta1), STAT4 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 4), TPTE2 (Transmembrane Phosphoinositide 3-Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog 2), DCL1 (CD302 Molecule), KIF1B (Kinesin Family Member 1B) and PGD (Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase) are associated with increased risk of HBV-mediated HCC [40].