IFNG and infection: Following initial infection, trypanosomes also “deliberately” trigger in a well-timed manner host cellular responses, whereby myeloid cells get activated via the combined exposure of (i) parasite-released components (i.e., pathogen-associated molecular patterns) such as the soluble and membrane-bound/glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored VSG (sVSG and mfVSG, respectively) and CpG-DNA and (ii) NK/NKT/T-cell released IFN-γ, which most likely is mediated via a trypanosome-lymphocyte-triggering-factor (TLTF) (see Figure 2, right panel) (45, 60–64).