AKT1 and ischemia: It has been reported that estradiol may have therapeutic effects in ischemia models, as injection (even post-ischemia) reduced the damage area, at least in part due to activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway (Koh, 2007; Pérez-Álvarez et al., 2012; Pérez-Alvarez and Wandosell, 2013).