The following evidence has related ocular surface inflammation with DES: (1) elevated expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)-γ) in both dry eye patients and experimental dry eye models [7,8,9,10,11]; and (2) effectiveness of anti-inflammatory therapy in treating DES. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is dry eye syndrome.