PTGS2 and ulcerative colitis: Ferulic acid, as well as chlorogenic and caffeic acid, have been demonstrated to ameliorate trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid and DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in rodents, respectively, which was accompanied by down-regulation of synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β [38,39], TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2 [38] in the colon.