Additional studies from our laboratory have also demonstrated that the symptoms resulting from chemically-induced colitis, with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), is alleviated in the colon of mice that have been supplemented with Se, characterized by increased colon length, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) and increased anti-inflammatory markers such as arginase 1 (Arg1) [19]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is colitis.