They were CKD stage 1, CKD stage 3a, male gender, education level (elementary to middle school), living in a rural area, sleep duration, alcohol drinking, perceived health status, EQ-5D, perceived stress, comorbidities (ischemic heart disease, HTN, and DM), SBP, DBP, total cholesterol, HDL level, Hb level and FBG after controlling for all potential confounding factors (Model 5). The gene discussed is GSTM1; the disease is diabetes mellitus.