EIF4E and neoplasm: The mechanisms of ribavirin's anti-tumor effects have only recently begun to be elucidated, and the effects are thought to be mediated via multiple pathways, including extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway [14], eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) [15], mitogen-activated protein kinase interacting protein kinase 1 (MNK1) [14], inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) [16], and/or enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) [17].