Unlike during physiological conditions, where TNFα levels are low, during heart failure both myocardial macrophages and cardiomyocytes produce a plethora of TNFα; during congestive heart failure, for example, TNF-α were found to be elevated in advanced stages (Meldrum et al., 1998; Torre-Amione et al., 1999; Feldman et al., 2000). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and heart failure.