Indeed, Mdm2 has been reported to have p53-independent functions in a large panel of cellular processes such as cell cycle control, cell fate determination, or signalling pathways (i.e. NFκ-B)36,37, with whom IAV is/are interconnected/interdependent, and thereby could be involved in the Mdm2 inhibitory effect on infection. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and infection.