INS and Insulin resistance: The impairment of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is the first and steadiest alteration that occurs in the hearts of animal models in the evolution of insulin resistance [63], and this change occurs prior to defects in insulin's capacity to stimulate or elevate Akt signalling, and is attributed to a reduction of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein in combination with the impairment of GLUT4 membrane translocation [64].