For example, private missense mutations in genes encoding components of the IL‐10 receptor (IL10RA or IL10RB) have also been shown to cause a severe, early‐onset form of IBD in consanguineous families due to abrogation of IL‐10 signalling.63 Other anti‐inflammatory cytokines – and genes involved in their signalling pathways – have also been identified within CD‐associated genetic loci, including IL22 (another member of the IL‐10 cytokine family) and SMAD3 and SMAD7, which are important components of TGFβ signalling. This evidence concerns the gene IL10 and inflammatory bowel disease.