Other cellular damages induced by ROS associated with AMD pathogenesis include nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage, autophagy decline, and induction of programmed cell death of photoreceptors and RPE cells by upregulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which leads to chronic inflammation and the upregulation of the production of VEGF via ERK1/2 activation [29, 38–42]. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and age-related macular degeneration.