cTGF mRNA expression was much higher in EAT from AF patients, compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and paracardial adipose tissue (PAT), as well as EAT from SR patients (AF EAT vs. AF SAT, 10.23 ± 5.69 vs. 0.49 ± 0.32, P < 0.001; AF EAT vs. AF PAT, 10.23 ± 5.69 vs. 2.80 ± 1.28, P < 0.001; AF EAT vs. SR EAT, 10.23 ± 5.69 vs. 2.39 ± 1.38, P < 0.001). The gene discussed is CCN2; the disease is atrial fibrillation.