Results were consistent with the immunohistochemistry data, where cTGF was highly expressed in EAT from patients with AF (AF EAT vs. AF SAT, 0.98 ± 0.63 vs. 0.10 ± 0.06, P < 0.001; AF EAT vs. AF PAT, 0.98 ± 0.63 vs. 0.66 ± 0.26, P = 0.088; AF EAT vs. SR EAT, 0.98 ± 0.63 vs. 0.55 ± 0.28, P = 0.011). Here, CCN2 is linked to atrial fibrillation.