To understand whether such clinical outcome related to CD38+PD-1+ CD8+ T-cell expression profiles is also characteristic of seasonal influenza epidemics, we analyzed (Fig. 2g) CD38+PD-1+ expression on CD8+ T cells for longitudinal PBMC samples from 22 patients hospitalized with PCR-confirmed seasonal influenza and five control hospitalized virus-negative patients. The gene discussed is CD38; the disease is influenza.