CD38 and HIV-1 infection: Conversely, Ndhlovu et al. have proposed that most CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells found in acute HIV-1 infection are indeed HIV specific9, as >40% of CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells bound known HIV tetramers, though the antigen specificity of the remaining tetramer-negative CD8+ set(s) was not determined.