LIF and infection: Compared to the IgG control, MEDI3902 administered either 1 h after (treatment) infection or 24 h before (prophylaxis) significantly reduced the expression of several key proinflammatory markers, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha (MIP-2α, or CXCL2), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), IL-8, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-23A, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β, or CCL4), MIP-1α (CCL3), oncostatin-M (OSM), IL-1α, IL-1β, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1, or CCL2), and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (Table 1).