Furthermore, we found the alteration of Snail levels by modulating GPR81 expression or inhibition of MCT1 was correlated with changes in phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 (Fig. 3e, f), indicating Snail induces EMT of lung cancers as a downstream of TGF-β1/SMAD canonical pathway. Here, HCAR1 is linked to lung carcinoma.