Interestingly, while studies using SOD1 mutant mouse models and primary cultures generated from these mice unequivocally demonstrated that mutant astrocytes trigger motor neuron degeneration, iPSC astrocytes differentiated from ALS patients carrying a TDP-43 mutation, while exhibiting TDP-43 mislocalization themselves, did not affect motor neuron survival in a co-culture model (Serio et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.