The role of NADPH NOX enzymes is poorly characterized in the development of follicular thyroid cancer, although PI3K-AKT pathway activation is required for the phosphorylation of p47phox initiation of NADPH NOX assembly, suggesting a role for ROS in the benign to malignant transformation, invasion of cancer cells, and metastatic cancer niche formation (45, 57, 122, 253, 334, 383). The gene discussed is AKT1; the disease is cancer.