TNF and Insulin resistance: Given that bovine α-LAH reversed the increase of IRS-1 phosphorylation (Ser307 and Ser612) and inflammation-related gene (TNF-α, MCP-1 and IL-6) expression in epididymal adipose tissues induced by HFD (Figure 4 and Figure 5), we speculated that bovine α-LAH might ameliorate insulin resistance and inflammation through inhibiting IKK and MAPK signaling pathways.