The unresolved role of NF-κB-activating inflammatory cytokines including that of the caspase-1/IL-1β axis in APAP-induced ALI (20, 26, 72–74)—see Table 1—may reflect Janus-faced properties of theses mediators in the early injury and the later (partly overlapping) regeneration phase of intoxication. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is acute respiratory distress syndrome.