CCN2 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Other TGF-β1 regulated genes also had a significantly higher expression level in cells on COPD scaffolds on day 7, including connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)28, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3)29 and Hes family basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor 1 (HES1)30.