Clinical evidence for the involvement of TNF in AD comes from the co‐localization of TNF with Aβ plaques and the elevated TNF levels in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients, both of which have been associated with clinical deterioration (Fillit et al, 1991; Dickson, 1997; Paganelli et al, 2002; Tarkowski et al, 2003a,b; Yasutake et al, 2006; Swardfager et al, 2010). Here, TNF is linked to Alzheimer disease.