INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Of the 74 evaluable participants, 49 (66.2%) were on insulin therapy, 18 (24.3%) were on diet only, and 7 (9.5%) were on metformin only; 39 (52.7%) had GDM, 24 (32.4%) had T1D, and 11 (14.9%) had T2D; and 29 (39.2%) were in the second trimester and 45 (60.8%) were in the third trimester of pregnancy.