A lack of significant change in qPCR expression of CYP27B1 would indicate that this is not an enzyme that is affected in dogs with CE, as has been observed by some studies of human IBD69 and intestinal neoplasia.70 This would further support a potential beneficial outcome of the addition of calcitriol in the treatment of canine CE, with less requirement to consider the hydroxylation steps, as some authors have sought to do.71 The expression of CYP27B1, however, in this study was overall very low. The gene discussed is CYP27B1; the disease is cholesteryl ester measurement.