Our main findings were as follows: (i) HSP60 levels were decreased in the diabetes group together with increased inflammatory and glycemic marker levels and lower fitness compared with the findings in the non-diabetes group; and (ii) moderate physical exercise differentially modulated HSP60 and HSR but attenuated inflammation in both groups, suggesting different beneficial effects between obese patients with and without diabetes. This evidence concerns the gene HSPD1 and diabetes mellitus.