TNF and Alzheimer disease: Nevertheless, trials with anti-inflammatory compounds, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) activators, minocycline, and TNF-α signaling inhibitors have not yet provided exciting outcomes to date (Calsolaro and Edison, 2016), although lifelong use of NSAIDs has been associated with reduced risk of developing AD (Wang J. et al., 2015).