Indeed, the recent report of Zoccarato et al. [36], demonstrates that elevation of cAMP by inhibition of PDE2 suppresses cardiac hypertrophy in vitro (ß-adrenergic stimulation) and in vivo (TAC), whereas inhibition of PDE3 and PDE4 promotes hypertrophic growth. The gene discussed is PDE4A; the disease is cardiac hypertrophy.