Mice null for NtsR1 may therefore suffer from abnormal formation of the VTA DA system that causes aberrant DA signaling, locomotor activity, body weight, anxiety, sleep, and exaggerated response to psychostimulants that has been reported to occur in this line (Remaury et al., 2002; Li et al., 2010; Liang et al., 2010; Fitzpatrick et al., 2012; Opland et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene NTSR1 and Anxiety.