INS and diabetic retinopathy: It was found that 42.6% of participants were male; 19.7% were current smoker; average duration of diabetes mellitus was 9.2 years; 76.5% were treated with oral hypoglycemic medicines, 8.3% with insulin, 7.5% with oral hypoglycemic medicine and insulin, and 7.6% without medicine; 75.0% had comorbid hypertension, 8.9% comorbid coronary heart disease (CAD), and 6.9% comorbid stroke; 25.0% had microalbuminuria; 3.5% had macroalbuminuria; and 18.8% had diabetic retinopathy (DR).