More recently, a head-to-head comparison of the anti-PD-1 mAb, Nivolumab, and the anti-CTLA-4 mAb, Ipilimumab, as adjuvant therapy for resected stage III and IV melanoma showed that Ipilimumab had a lower CITE but higher irAE,13 further dimming the prospect of CTLA-4-targeting immunotherapy. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and melanoma.