CXCL12 and neoplasm: In addition, inhibitors of CXCR4, such as CTCE-9908, a small peptide analogue of SDF-1, have been demonstrated to be effective in preventing metastatic dissemination in different cancer models such as breast, oesophageal and prostate [52,53,54,55], by acting both on CSCs and on proliferating tumor cells.