TNF and infection: In the footpads of L. major-infected WT BALB/c mice from three independent experiments, CpG-ODN 1668 led to a significant increase of IFN-γ, IL-12p35, TNF, and iNOS mRNA expression at 36 h after infection (i.e., 26 h after the last CpG-ODN 1668 injection) (Figure 7, upper panel).