Diabetes-induced oxidative stress is caused by numerous processes, including glucose-stimulated mitochondrial respiration, endoplasmic reticulum stress, activation of the renin-angiotensin system (which is pro-oxidant), decreased vascular antioxidant capacity, reduced activity of the master antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf-2), and activation of Nox isoforms.51 This evidence concerns the gene REN and diabetes mellitus.