TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Immune-targeted therapies currently available for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune disorders, including anti-TNF therapies, may prevent insulin resistance as well as cardiovascular risk.64, 77 A recent meta-analysis of studies with anti-TNF agents supports an overall protective effect of anti-TNF therapies on lifetime risk of diabetes as well as insulin sensitivity and obesity.74