CCL2 and diabetes mellitus: Other therapies on the horizon for the treatment of cardiovascular complications of diabetes include pentoxifylline (methylxanthine derivative and nonspecific phosphodiesterase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects), ruboxistaurin (selective protein kinase C-β inhibitor), pirfenidone (TGF-β inhibitor), bindarit (MCP-1/CCL2 inhibitor), sulodexide (an oral formulation composed of 2 glycosaminoglycans), AKB-9778 (Tie2 activator), baricitinib (JAK/STAT inhibitor), and Nox inhibitors.116