ALB and chronic kidney disease: DKD is commonly diagnosed by reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and/or increased urinary albumin excretion (> 30 mg/g creatinine), a marker of kidney damage, that persist ≥3 months in the presence of longstanding diabetes and exclusion of other causes of CKD [7, 8].