ALK and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Similarly, as recent preclinical data indicate, the immune checkpoint proteins are induced in ALK-positive NSCLC tumors [72], thus, combination therapies of checkpoint (PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4) and ALK inhibitors are being explored in the clinical setting for ALK-positive NSCLC patients (NCT02393625, NCT01998126).