BMP2 and melanoma: In line, we showed that physiological neural crest migration (after transplantation into the neural tube) and invasive growth (after transplantation into the optic cup of the chick embryo) of melanoma cells can be ablated by the BMP-antagonist noggin [13, 14] and that vice-versa malignant invasion can be induced by pre-treatment with BMP-2 in non-transformed human melanocytes [15] clearly demonstrating that embryonic neural crest signaling pathways play important roles in the invasive growth of melanoma cells in vivo.