This enabled us to examine genes on an individual basis, and many genes important in the development of CRC, and cancer in general, were upregulated in the CAP tissues relative to the CFPs, including CXCL5 (Fig. 2C), GREM1 (Fig. 2D), IGF2 (Fig. 2E), CTGF (Fig. 2F) and PLAU (Fig. 2G). This evidence concerns the gene CXCL5 and colorectal carcinoma.