A number of genes have been reported only to be associated with gouty inflammation or urate phagocytosis, but not to be related to hyperuricemia, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), toll-like receptor II (TLR-2), NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and type 2 cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (cGKII)8–11. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and hyperuricemia.