Another study shows that Aqp2 is downregulated after LPS administration in an LPS sepsis model in rats [44] and that pretreatment but not post-treatment with propofol prevents Aqp2 downregulation and protects renal function during endotoxemia and that this effect may be mediated by regulation of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1), TNF-α and mediators of apoptosis [44]. Here, AQP2 is linked to serum lipopolysaccharide activity.