IFNG and malaria: When paired dry season samples were analyzed, fewer SN children [7/23 (30.4%)] had a recall response to malaria antigen (defined as one or more cytokine response) as compared to SP children, who not only retained the low-level memory response to malaria antigen but had a higher number of responders [16/23 (70%); P = 0.009, OR = 5.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.27–22.77), Mantel–Haenszel χ2 analysis] Individual cytokines results demonstrate statistically significant results for IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 (Figure 1B).