TNF and colitis: Eventually, the anti-colitis action of NOR (40 mg/kg; i.g.)was counteracted by CH223191 (10 mg/kg) and HK2 plasmid (10 μg), evidenced by detection of body weight change, disease activity index (DAI) scores, colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, histological changes, and levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in colons (Fig. 8h–m).