INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Since type 2 diabetes often occurs with obesity [6], insulin action dysfunction [7], eating disorders [28], and inflammation [29] and recent studies have reported anti-inflammatory effects of nesfatin-1 [30, 31]; a reasonable model is that there are increased circulating nesfatin-1 levels in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, reducing blood glucose, inhibiting food intake, increasing lipid metabolism, and countering inflammation.