SOAT1 and infection: Notably, very high viral titers are required to initiate infection in most culture systems, often necessitating multiplicities of infection (MOIs) of up to 4 × 104 HBV genome equivalents (GE)/cell, the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to enhance virus binding11, or the use of immunomodulators including Janus-activated kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription factor (STAT) inhibitors8.