TLR4 and parasitic infectious disease: We started by testing whether the progression of infection was altered in nonpregnant Tlr4−/− and Ifnar1−/− females and found no sensible differences in the courses of parasitemia up to 5 days postinfection or in the time of survival, with most females dying at between 22 and 32 days postinfection, regardless of the female genotype (Fig. 1).