Likewise, Lai et al [82] reported for the first time that DCN protected endothelia from hyperglycaemia and promoted angiogenesis through IGF-1R/Akt/AP-1/VEGF signalling, which implied that DCN could be a new therapeutic method for patients suffering from DCM (diabetic cardiomyopathy). Here, DCN is linked to familial dilated cardiomyopathy.