TP53 and cancer: In general, multiple mechanisms have been identified for the acquisition of drug resistance by cancer cells, including: inhibition of apoptosis through activation of the PI3-K/AKT pathway and induction of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members, loss of p53 function resulting in altered apoptosis induced by platinum-DNA lesions, and up-regulation of ABC family members causing the efflux of CDDP from the cell [52].