These findings are similar to those of Guha et al., who demonstrated that novel pactamycin analogs can cause S-phase arrest in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells by increasing p53 activity, up-regulating expression of the cyclin kinase inhibitors p27 and p21, slightly reducing cyclin D1 expression, and moderately increasing cyclin E expression; no changes were observed in the expression of cyclin B, CDK2, or CDK4 [45]. This evidence concerns the gene CDK4 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.